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　　The month of July, unlike June, is named for a mortal, albeit one who devised and ruled an empire. Julius Caesar was a Roman general, statesman, and historian who conquered Gaul (what is now part of Italy, France, Belgium, and the Netherlands), changed the structure of the Roman government into a dictatorship, was assassinated in legendary fashion, and most importantly for our purposes, helped make the calendar what it is today.

　　和六月不同，七月是以一个凡人命名的，尽管这个人创造并统治了一个。尤利乌斯·恺撒，也译为儒略·凯撒(Julius Caesar)，曾任罗马共和国军事统帅、政治家、历史学家，他征服了高卢全境(今意大利、法国、比利时、荷兰部分地区)，将罗马共和国的政体变为君主独裁制，较终却以传奇暗杀终了一生。也正是这种传奇，造就了我们现在的历法，这也是对我们当今较重要的影响之一。

　　Caesar is responsible for the year as we know it having 365 days, and for the existence of a leap year every four years. How did this Julian Calendar change things? The early Roman calendar had an intercalary month called Intercalans that was 27 or 28 days long, added once every two years after February 23rd. For years including Intercalans, the remaining five days of February were omitted. Our contemporary calendar is still pretty much the same system Caesar instituted more than 2000 years ago.

　　我们都知道，一年有365天，这一历法要溯源至凯撒，包括每隔四年出现一个闰年，这些现象都和他紧密相关。那么根据他而命名的“儒略历”是如何改变历法的呢?早期罗马历法中有一闰月，名为Intercalans，这个月有27-28天，每隔两年就会在2月23日之后出现一次，也就是说，凡是出现闰月，二月份的较后五天就会被略去。我们的当代历法和2000年前的儒略历还是非常相似的。

　　Who is July named for?

　　七月是如何命名的?

　　July was named in honor of Julius Caesar. When Julius Caesar died, Quintilis, which was his birth month, was renamed with July. Quintilis means “fifth month” in Latin, which represents where this month originally fell in the Roman calendar.

　　为纪念尤利乌斯·恺撒，七月“July”以尤利乌斯的名字Julius命名。在凯撒死后，他的出生月“Quintilis”被重新命名，以“July”取而代之。“Quintilis”本是拉丁语中的“五月”，这也说明了较初在(共有十个月的)罗马历法中，July实际上是第五个月。

　　Another of Julius Caesar’s legacies is the C section. The Cesarean section is “an operation by which a fetus is taken from the uterus by cutting through the walls of the abdomen and uterus.” It has been rumored that Julius Caesar himself was born in this way, although historians tend to pooh-pooh this etymology.

　　还有一个和尤利乌斯·凯撒相关的传说则是关于“剖腹产”(C section)的，C section的全称是“Cesarean section”，意为“通过切开腹部和子宫壁而将胎儿从中取出的手术”。有传言说凯撒本人就是通过剖腹产而生的，因此根据凯撒(Caesar)的名字，才有了“cesarean/caesarean”(剖腹产的)一词，但历史学家却对这一词源说嗤之以鼻。

　　词汇学习：

　　albeit /??l?bi??t/ conj. 尽管;虽然

　　dictatorship /d?k?te?t?(r)??p/ n. 独裁;专政;独裁

　　assassinated /??sæs?ne?t/ v. 暗杀;中伤

　　leap year n. 闰年

　　intercalary /?n't?:k?l?r?/ adj. (历法)闰的

　　instituted /??nst??tju?t/ v. 开始;制定;任命

　　Cesarean section /s??ze?ri?n/ n. 【医】剖腹产(手术)

　　fetus /?fi?t?s/ n. 胎儿

　　uterus /?ju?t(?)r?s/ n. 子宫

　　abdomen /?æbd?m?n/ n. 肚子;下腹部

　　etymology /?et??m?l?d?i/ n. 词源学